Emergent laparoscopic sigmoid resection for perforated diverticulitis: can it be safely performed by residents?

AIM: Outcomes after resident involvement in emergent colectomies have rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcomes of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for Hinchey III diverticulitis performed by residents. METHOD: This study was a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for diverticulitis. The sample was divided into two groups: patients operated on by a supervised resident (SR) or a senior surgeon (SS). Supervising surgeons and SSs could be general surgeons (GSs) or colorectal surgeons (CSs). A SR was considered the first surgeon if he/she completed at least three of five defined steps of the procedure. The primary end-points included length of hospital stay (LOS), morbidity and 30-day mortality. A sub-analysis of patients operated on by a SR assisted by either a CS or GS was performed. RESULTS: Supervised residents and SSs operated on 59 and 42 patients, respectively. The presence of a CS was more frequent in the SS group (SR 41% vs SS 81%, P < 0.001). LOS (SR 9.4 days vs SS 6.4 days, P = 0.04) was higher in the SR group. Overall morbidity (SR 39% vs SS 43%, P = 0.69) and 30-day mortality (SR 5% vs SS 5%, P = 0.94) were also comparable among the groups. Procedures performed by SRs and supervised by a CS were associated with lower morbidity (GS 48% vs CS 25%, P = 0.06) and mortality (GS 8% vs CS 0%, P = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for Hinchey III diverticulitis has comparable outcomes when performed by a supervised SR or a SS. Procedures performed by residents assisted by a CS seem to have better outcomes than those assisted by a GS.

Predictive factors for conversion in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Although laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery can be safely performed in the hands of well-trained surgeons, criteria for patient selection should be further developed in order to decrease the conversion rate. The main objective of this study was to identify predictive factors for conversion of laparoscopic colorectal surgery to an open procedure based on statistical analysis. METHODS: A retrospective survey was performed using data collected from 400 patients who underwent laparoscopic colorectal surgery between March 2000 and December 2006. As potential predictive factors for conversion, we considered demographic characteristics, surgery-related variables and disease-related variables. Univariable analysis was performed to identify individual predictive risk factors for conversion. Factors with p values below 0.05 were included in a regression model. RESULTS: Conversion to open surgery was required in 51 patients (12.7%). Age (>65 years) was the only independent predictive demographic factor (OR=2.3; 95% CI, 1.25-4.46). Low anterior resection (OR=3.9; 95% CI, 1.64-9-18) and complicated diverticulitis (OR=3.9; 95% CI, 1.64-9.18) were also predictive factors. The only predictive factor evidenced in the multivariate analysis was complicated diverticulitis (OR=159.99; 95% CI, 41.02-624.02). Indications for conversion were: adhesions in 53% of the patients, technical problems in 18%, bleeding in 1%, and other indications for the remaining 28%. CONCLUSION: Complicated diverticulitis or cancer of the rectum treated by low anterior resection have higher probabilities of conversion.

Long-term assessment of fecal incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy.

BACKGROUND: Lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) can cause fecal incontinence. The aim of this study was to evaluate this sequelae after long-term follow-up of patients treated by LIS and to identify possible associated factors. METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected for patients with chronic anal fissure who had LIS between 1994 and 1997. Continence was assessed according to the incontinence score (IS) obtained by medical record review and telephone questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using by Student's t test for qualitative variables and chi-square test for qualitative variables. RESULTS: All 68 patients evaluated had healed after fissure surgery. None of these patients had preoperative fecal incontinence neither recurrence at the time of follow-up. At a mean follow-up of 66.6 months (range, 30-84 months), 7 patients (10.2%) were incontinent (mean IS=8.2; range, 5-16) and none had recovered continence at the time of follow-up. There was no significant difference between patients with and without fecal incontinence relative to gender age, hemorrhoidectomy combined with LIS, or vaginal delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence due to LIS does not recover after long-term follow-up and appears to be an independent cause of fecal incontinence.

Anal manometric predictors of significant rectocele in constipated patients.

The diagnosis of significant rectocele is currently made on the basis of cinedefecographic findings. Clinical examination alone will only allow assessment of the presence but not the significance of a rectocele. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if anal manometric findings can predict the significance of a rectocele. All patients with a diagnosis of constipation and rectocele confirmed on cinedefecography between 1992 and 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Significant rectocele was defined as the presence of three of the following five parameters: rectocele >4 cm in diameter as measured during the evacuatory phase of cinedefecography, rectal and/or vaginal symptoms present for longer than 12 months, persistence of rectal or vaginal symptoms for at least four weeks, despite increased dietary fiber (up to 35 g/day), need for rectal and/or vaginal digitation or perineal support maneuvers for rectal evacuation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test. A logistic regression model with stepwise selection was used to determine significant prognostic factors. A total of 305 patients (31 men) with rectocele, with a median age of 68 years (range, 12-89) were identified. Of these, 89 (29.2%) had significant rectoceles. There was no difference in the frequency of significant and non-significant rectoceles with respect to gender or age. However, patients with a significant rectocele compared to those with a non-significant rectocele had higher median first sensation volume (45 vs. 30 ml, p=0.0005), median capacity (160 vs. 120 ml, p<0.0001), and median compliance (10 vs. 8 ml H(2)O/mmHg, p=0.05). Calculations based on a logistic regression model determined that with a first sensation of 100 ml, a capacity of 400 ml, and a compliance of 50 ml/mmHg, the probability of a significant rectocele would be 85%. In conclusion, anal manometric findings may be useful in predicting significant rectocele in constipated patients.

Overlapping sphincteroplasty: does preservation of the scar influence immediate outcome?

BACKGROUND: The importance of the overlapping scar in an anterior sphincteroplasty is often emphasized. The aim of this study was to identify the tissue type used in overlapping sphincter repair based upon ultrasound images, and to correlate these results with the immediate clinical outcome. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on all patients with faecal incontinence who underwent anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty between June 1998 and May 1999. Continence was assessed by a standardized incontinence score ranging from 0 to 20. Pre-operative ultrasound images were compared to intraoperative ultrasound findings for each patient. In each case the surgeon performed an overlap of what was grossly felt to represent scar after which a single blinded observer performed intraoperative ultrasound. The degree of overlap was measured and classified as hyperechoic over hyperechoic (muscle over muscle; Type 1), hyperechoic over or under hypoechoic (muscle over or under scar; Type 2), hypoechoic over hypoechoic (scar over scar; Type 3). The patient follow-up included incontinence score that was obtained by telephone interview; suboptimal outcome was considered as an incontinence score >/= 6. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. RESULTS: Fourteen female patients with a mean age of 51.6 (range 28-79) years were evaluated. The mean pre-operative incontinence score was 17.1 (range 7-20) and 13 of the 14 (93%) patients had an incontinence score >/= 15. All pre-operative ultrasound images were hypoechoic which correlated with the surgeon's intraoperative findings of scar. The operative appearance included two Type 1, four Type 2, and eight Type 3 images. Larger pre-operative ultrasound image defects were statistically significantly related to intraoperative Type 3 ultrasound images. At a mean follow up of 7.5 (range 2-16) months the mean postoperative incontinence score was 4.5 (range 0-12). In patients with Type 1 and Type 2 images, the mean postoperative score was 8.6 (range 4-12) whereas in patients with Type 3 it was 1.3 (range 0-5) (P < 0.003); 7 of the 8 patients in Type 3 (87.5%) had an incontinence score

Colonic J-pouch function in rectal cancer patients: impact of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

PURPOSE: The colonic J-pouch technique of reconstruction optimizes functional outcome after proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis. However, the impact of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy on pouch function in rectal cancer patients has not been investigated. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 1999, 74 patients with midrectal or low rectal tumors (less than 10 cm from the anal verge) underwent a proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis with colonic J-pouch reconstruction. Chemoradiation was offered in patients with Stage II and III disease. Radiation therapy was administered using a four-field technique including the anal canal, for a total dose of 50.4 Gy (1.8 Gy/fraction/day). Fifteen patients (20 percent) died with metastatic disease, five (6.8 percent) died of other causes without evidence of recurrence, and five (6.8 percent) were lost to follow-up. In addition, two patients had local recurrence (2.7 percent) at the time of follow-up. Forty-five of 47 eligible patients (96 percent) responded to a questionnaire designed to evaluate specifically the degree of continence and pouch evacuation. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 68.9 (range, 42-88) years and the mean duration of follow-up was 28.8 (range, 1-69) months. There were 28 patients in the surgery alone group and 17 patients who received either preoperative (13) or postoperative (4) adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Patients in the surgery alone group had a significantly better degree of continence (mean +/- standard deviation continence score: 18.1 +/- 2.9 vs. 13.3 +/- 4.1, P < 0.001) and were less likely to experience evacuatory problems (mean +/- standard deviation evacuation score: 21.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 16.4 +/- 3.5, P < 0.001). Use of a pad was more frequent in the chemoradiation therapy than in the surgery alone group (53 vs. 18 percent, P = 0.02). The incidence after functional disorders was also more frequent in the irradiated group of patients: incontinence to gas (76 vs. 43 percent, P = 0.03), to liquid stool (64 vs. 25 percent, P = 0.01), and to solid stool (47 vs. 11 percent, P = 0.01). Moreover, irradiated patients reported more frequent pouch-related specific problems, such as clustering (82 vs. 32 percent, P = 0.001), and sensation of incomplete evacuation (82 vs. 32 percent, P = 0.001). Finally, regression analysis demonstrated that radiation-induced sphincter dysfunction was progressive over time. CONCLUSIONS: Both preoperative and postoperative chemoradiation therapy adversely affects continence and evacuation in patients with colonic J-pouch. Because radiation-induced damage to the normal tissues is known to be cumulative over time, long-term progressive dysfunction of the anal sphincter and neorectum are causes of concern. Consideration should be given to excluding the anal canal from the field of irradiation in patients with Stage II and III rectal cancer, whenever a sphincter-preserving procedure is planned.

Adenocarcinoma arising from along the rectal stump after double-stapled ileorectal J-pouch in a patient with ulcerative colitis: the need to perform a distal anastomosis. Report of a case.

Patients treated with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis occasionally develop neoplasia from the rectal mucosal remnants. We report a case of a 65-year-old male who developed an adenocarcinoma from the rectal stump after a double-stapled ileorectal J-pouch for ulcerative colitis. We emphasize the need to perform the anastomosis either at the level of the dentate line or just cephalad to the anal transitional zone. Furthermore, when high-grade dysplasia at the rectum is evident, either an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with mucosectomy or completion proctectomy with an end Brooke ileostomy should be offered. This is the second report in the literature of a carcinoma arising after use of the double-stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomotic technique.

Surgical treatment of constipation and fecal incontinence.

Fecal incontinence is a disabling and distressing condition. Many patients are reluctant to discuss the condition with a physician. A thorough history, good physical examination, and detailed anorectal physiologic investigations can help in the therapeutic decision-making algorithm. Patients with isolated anterior sphincter defects are candidates for overlapping repair. In the presence of unilateral or bilateral pudendal neuropathy, the patient should be counseled preoperatively regarding a [table: see text] lower anticipation of success. If the injury occurred shortly before the planned surgery and neuropathy is present, it may be prudent to wait because neuropathy sometimes can resolve within 6 to 24 months of the injury. Pudendal nerve study may help determine surgical timing. An anterior sphincter defect combined with a rectovaginal fistula can be approached by overlapping sphincter repair and a concomitant transanal advancement flap. Patients who had undergone multiple such procedures may benefit from concomitant fecal diversion at the time of repeat sphincter repair. Patients with global or multifocal sphincter injury may be candidates for a neosphincter procedure. The stimulated graciloplasty and artificial bowel sphincter are reasonable options. In the absence of the availability of these techniques or because of financial constraints, consideration could be given to bilateral gluteoplasty or unilateral or bilateral nonstimulated graciloplasty. The postanal repair still serves a role in patients with isolated decreased resting pressures with or without neuropathy or external sphincter injury with minimal degrees of incontinence. Biofeedback and the Procon device may play a role in these patients. Lastly, fecal diversion must be considered as a means of improving the quality of life because the patient can participate in the activities of daily living without the fear of fecal incontinence.

Quantitative short-term study of anal sphincter function after chemoradiation for rectal cancer.

HYPOTHESIS: Pelvic irradiation adversely affects anal sphincter function after proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis for low rectal and middle rectal (<10 cm from the anal verge) tumors. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Private, tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: Patients treated for low rectal adenocarcinoma between January 1, 1994, and October 31, 1999. INTERVENTIONS: Anal manometric data were prospectively collected at the time of initial diagnosis and before ileostomy closure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean and maximum resting pressures (RPs) and squeeze pressures, threshold volume for sensation, and maximal tolerable volume. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients in the surgery group and 19 in the chemoradiotherapy group were considered for analysis; 15 patients had preoperative radiotherapy and 4 had postoperative radiotherapy. At the time of ileostomy closure, RPs were significantly lower in the chemoradiotherapy group than in the surgery group (32.7 +/- 17 vs 45.3 +/- 18 mm Hg; P =.03). Squeeze pressures were not significantly different between the surgery and chemoradiotherapy groups (108.7 +/- 56.7 vs 102.0 +/- 52.6 mm Hg; P =.69). The ratios of postresection to preresection RPs were also significantly lower in the chemoradiotherapy group (0.49 +/- 0.29) than in the surgery group (0.76 +/- 0.22) (P =.005). Eight to 12 weeks after proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis, a 24% decrease in RP was noted in the surgery group. The addition of adjuvant pelvic irradiation decreased RP by another 27%. CONCLUSION: Adequate shielding of the anal sphincter should be performed for low rectal cancers whenever a sphincter-preserving procedure is considered.

Surgeon influenced variables in resectional rectal cancer surgery.

PURPOSE: Surgeon influenced variables in rectal cancer surgery were assessed. METHODS: The literature was reviewed to discuss technical and educational issues that may affect the outcome of surgery for rectal cancer. Particular attention was paid to recently debated topics such as adjuvant therapy, colonic J-pouches, total mesorectal excision, and surgeons' training. RESULTS: In some selected cases, transanal techniques with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy have improved the success of local excision. The biology of rectal cancer has begun to be understood. However, until a more complete understanding with an appreciation of therapeutic implications has been arrived at, surgeon influenced variables will continue to be of paramount importance. Multiple studies have shown tremendous surgeon variability in the outcome after rectal cancer surgery. Some of the variables that have been shown to be important include tumor-free distal and lateral margins, a total mesorectal excision, and an appropriate anastomosis. It has been well demonstrated that proctectomy with straight coloanal anastomosis compromises function as compared with preoperative levels or healthy controls. These deficiencies are further exacerbated by adjuvant therapy. Significant functional improvements, particularly in the first 12 to 24 months after surgery, have been achieved with use of colonic J-pouch. CONCLUSION: There are many ways by which the surgeon can optimize curative resection for rectal cancer. Appropriate distal and tumor-free lateral margins with total mesorectal excision should be the goals for all tumors in the lower two-thirds of the rectum. Reconstruction should be performed, whenever technically possible, by a colonic J-pouch. Surgeons should be cognizant of their own practice patterns, volume, capabilities, and very importantly results. These results should be audited frequently and willingly shared with patients.

Gastrostomía percutánea endoscópica y radiológica / Radiologic and endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy

Los pacientes que no ingieren alimentos por tiempo prolongado requieren un aporte nutricional...La gastrostomía percutánea aporta una de las vías utilizada para la alimentación de estos pacientes...Se revisaron los registros de 27 pacientes con gastrostomías percutáneas, entre 1991 y 1998. Resultados: se realizaron 17 gastrostomías endoscópicas y 10 radiológicas con un 100 por ciento de éxito. En un sólo paciente la indicación fue la descompresión del tubo digetivo... No hubo mortalidad relacionada con el procedimiento... La gastostomía percutánea es una técnica sencilla, segura y económica, que se puede realizar en pacientes con contraindicación de anestesia general. Aporta una vía para la alimentación prolongada. Tiene baja mortalidad aun en pacientes debilitados por su enfermedad de base

Gastrostomía percutánea endoscópica y radiológica / Radiologic and endoscopic percutaneous gastrostomy

Los pacientes que no ingieren alimentos por tiempo prolongado requieren un aporte nutricional...La gastrostomía percutánea aporta una de las vías utilizada para la alimentación de estos pacientes...Se revisaron los registros de 27 pacientes con gastrostomías percutáneas, entre 1991 y 1998. Resultados: se realizaron 17 gastrostomías endoscópicas y 10 radiológicas con un 100 por ciento de éxito. En un sólo paciente la indicación fue la descompresión del tubo digetivo... No hubo mortalidad relacionada con el procedimiento... La gastostomía percutánea es una técnica sencilla, segura y económica, que se puede realizar en pacientes con contraindicación de anestesia general. Aporta una vía para la alimentación prolongada. Tiene baja mortalidad aun en pacientes debilitados por su enfermedad de base